Origins and Use of Amaranth in Prehistoric America

Amaranth is a grain with high nutrition value, comparable to those of maize and rice. Amaranth has been a staple in Mesoamerica for thousands of years, first collected as a wild food, and then domesticated at least as early as 4000 BC. The edible parts are the seeds, which are consumed whole toasted or milled into flour. Other uses of amaranth include dye, forage and ornamental purposes. Amaranth is a plant of the family of Amaranthaceae. About 60 species are native to the Americas, whereas less numerous are the species originally from Europe, Africa, and Asia. The most widespread species are native to North, Central and South America, and these are A. Cruentus, A. caudatus, and A. hypochondriacus. Amaranthus cruentus, and A. hypochondriacus are native of Mexico and Guatemala. The first one is used in Mexico to produce typical sweets called alegrà ­a, in which the amaranth grains are toasted and mixed with honey or chocolate. Amaranthus caudatus is a widely distributed staple food both in South America and in India. This species originated as one of the staple foods for the ancient inhabitants of the Andean region. Amaranth Domestication Amaranth was probably widely used among hunter-gatherers in both North and South America. The wild seeds, even if small in size, are produced in abundance by the plant and are easy to collect. Evidence of domesticated amaranth seeds comes from the Coxcatlan cave in the Tehuacan valley of Mexico and dates as early as 4000 BC. Later evidence, like caches with charred amaranth seeds, has been found throughout the US Southwest and the Hopewell culture of the US Midwest. Domesticated species are usually larger and have shorter and weaker leaves which make the collection of the grains simpler. As other grains, seeds are collected through rubbing the inflorescences between the hands. Use of Amaranth in ancient Mesoamerica In ancient Mesoamerica, amaranth seeds were commonly used. The Aztec/Mexica cultivated large quantities of amaranth and it was also used as a  form of tribute payment. Its name in Nahuatl was huauhtli. Among the Aztecs, amaranth flour was used to make baked images of their patron deity, Huitzilopochtli, especially during the festival called Panquetzaliztli, which means â€Å"raising banners†. During these ceremonies, amaranth dough figurines of Huitzilopochtli were carried around in processions and then divided up among the population. The Mixtecs of Oaxaca also recognized a great importance to this plant. The precious Postclassic turquoise mosaic covering the skull encountered within Tomb 7 at Monte Alban was actually kept together by a sticky amaranth paste. Cultivation of amaranth decreased and almost disappeared in Colonial times, under the Spanish rule. The Spanish banished the crop because of its religious importance and use in ceremonies that the newcomers were trying to extirpate. Sources Mapes, Christina and Eduardo Espitia, 2001, Amaranth, in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, vol. 1, edited by David Carrasco, Oxford University Press. pp: 13-14 Sauer, Jonathan D., 1967, The Grain Amaranths and Their Relatives: A Revised Taxonomic and Geographic, Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, Vol. 54, No. 2, pp. 103-137

Corporate Social Responsibilities ( Csr ) That Crayola,...

Introduction I am writing this paper to discuss the different corporate social responsibilities (CSR) that Crayola, Disney, Google, Lipton, and Tyson are involved in and to determine their productiveness. First, I will provide you with the history of these corporations and then I want to tell you about their CSR initiatives. I will evaluate each business and deduce whether they are really socially responsible or not. History Crayola The very beginning of Crayola started with Joseph Binney when he created a small charcoal factory in New York in 1864 (Crayola). In 1880 his son and nephew, Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith, respectively joined him in his business and began the Binney Smith Company (Crayola). Later they began to make pencils for school children and not long after they received a gold medal in chemical arts for their black color (Crayola). In 1903 they created their first colored wax crayons which were blue, yellow, green, purple, brown, red, orange, and black (Crayola). Alice Binney created the name of Crayola from the French word â€Å"craie† meaning chalk (Crayola). In 1936 became more concerned with the safety of children using their products and helped fund the Crayon and Water Color Institution that promotes the safety of raw materials in store items (Crayola). By the 1960’s Crayola became a publicly held company and sold its first stock exchange in 1963 (Crayola). Throughout the late 1900s Crayola produce more than just crayons and are inventing new productsShow MoreRelatedThe Sustainability Move At Tyson1123 Words   |  5 Pagessustainability move I found on Tyson happened in 2002 when they created their Tyson Food Core Values dedicated to keeping integrity and honesty within the company and creating better communities (Core Values). Tyson is a large corporation having grown a lot over the years and for their CSR initiatives they have many that deal in different areas from the environment to even religion (Sustainability). Their CSR programs however different do still agree with the purpose of their company. Tyson provides many services

Creative Media ProductionManagement

Question: Critically review the institutional context of a creative media Industry from Early Cinema, European and British Cinema, and other cinematic institutions other than Hollywood and evaluate that industrys influence upon audiences. You might want to consider the type of films made and the reaction of audiences to those films (for the chosen era) and to analyse audience responses to the films chosen. 800 words, double lined space report with any illustrations. Write an analysis about audience expectation and reception of films chosen from the period that you wish to focus on using audience reception theory (which is given attached here) to complete your findings. 800 words, double lined space report with any illustrations useful here too. Present research on the production and reception of your creative media product in the context that you have chosen, clearly showing any illustrations (scripts, storyboards, synopses and pre production material) to support your findings. Using your r esearch, make a film of around 1-2 minutes if using 16mm film, and 3-4 minutes if using digital to a high standard that could fit the definition of how certain media texts and in this case film, are (or were made as in the case of Early Cinema) made. Whatever category you choose, the end product must resemble the particular period chosen. Answer: 1.0 Introduction The film business is always in movement. While the stories that keep the French New Wave cash machine agitating run in cycles, innovation keeps on developing with each passing decade. The film business is expansive and new media has changed creation, appropriation, notice, presentation and gathering. Progressed innovative abilities shape film creation, new manifestations of review movies deconstruct the silver screen space into new situations and online media considers a surge of beginner preparations and less demanding conveyance. The progressions that are occurring are hailed by some and dreaded by others, however film hasn't yet stopped to astonish its crowd, which was forever its point. Getting to grasps with the New-Wave may justifiably in this manner appear an overwhelming prospect for some person needing to investigate the development interestingly. In view of that, this presentation will give some general connection and a brief outline of a percentage of the attributes connec ted with the French New Wave. It will likewise offer a few recommendations about where to begin your examinations, and in addition reviews of the original "must see" movies which best characterize the development. In the event that you've as of now seen a considerable lot of the best known New Wave movies, or are searching for a more particular methodology, you may attempt the top ten New Wave Film Lists, which bore around chief, sub-class, execution and different classifications (Straubhaar, LaRose Davenport 2008).. 2.0 Creative Media and its Influence on Production The pace of the film are likewise particularly amusement like and this quicker pace clear in numerous late movies can be halfway credited to digitization and database altering, which have improved the altering procedure. Significantly more powerful in the way movies look is the improvement of computerized imaging advancements, which impart numerous assets and individuals to feature diversion advancement. It is getting to be more regular, for movies to depend intensely on PC created imaging. The course of meeting is progressed by the quick market development in the range of feature recreations and the 'flat combination' of media businesses. Comparable methods and advancements are additionally being utilized as a part of the improvement of feature diversions and this implies that these commercial enterprises are currently in a position to impart advanced resources (Perron, 2008).In relation to the camera work in creating the French New Wave and in spite of the fact that it was profound ly impacted by excellent Hollywood, they dismiss the traditions encapsulated by the huge studios, leaving upon a test course that changed filmmaking until the end of time Straubhaar, LaRose and Davenport 2008). The features emanating from the creative media and the influence of film are enumerated below. Jump Cuts: These are sudden, shaking altering removes which happen of arrangement or amid an unforeseen minute. They frequently include cam edge changes of fewer than 30 degrees, which can have a confusing impact on the viewer. Customary filmmaking rejected such cuts in light of the fact that they tossed the viewer out of the onscreen show To New Wave producers that was correctly the point. Improvised Filmmaking: Normal traditions stressed tight control over the filmmaking procedure -shooting in studio sets where the chiefs could manage each and every thing that showed up on screen. The new wave shunned such limitations. They frequently recorded in broad daylight areas with extemporized dialog and plots developed on the fly. From numerous points of view, it appeared to be messy, yet it additionally caught a liveliness and suddenness that no "quality" film could want to match.Natural Sound: Generally as they rejected the bogus cunning of studio filmmaking, the New Wave tossed the util ization of remixing their sound. Rather, they utilized a naturalistic soundtrack recorded amid the shoot and indicated unaltered... regardless of the fact that it highlighted oversights or interruptions. Like their different strategies, it loaned the movies a feeling of freshness and vitality that prior films needed.Hand-Held Cameras: New eras of cams helped French New Wave producers shoot out in the open regions. They could move the cam around effectively, making long following shots and streaming the cam around a given space. They could likewise shoot well in tight quarters, making a closeness that bulkier and more extravagant cams couldn't match. Numerous French New Wave movies utilize since a long time ago, developed shots, which these sorts of cams encouraged (Genette, 1997).Homages and Auteurs: New wave producers instituted the expression "auteur", or "writer," implying that the movies of a given chief (or performer or essayist) had regular qualities that no other film had. Ne w Wave executives endeavored to make every film particularly their own- -an outflow of identity as much as a plot or story. In the meantime, they additionally wished to respect the movie producers who had enlivened them by putting reverences to prior movies in their works. Such praises frequently originated from "notorious" kinds, for example, wrongdoing motion pictures, westerns or Jerry Lewis comedies .(Elkington, 2009). Editing: One prominent framework to ascend out of the new wave was the bounce cut, in which two convulsive pictures are looked at. While bounce cuts are routinely used as a piece of film and TV modifying today, at the time, they were especially shaking to gatherings of spectators, who were used to a smooth stream of pictures onscreen, instead of changing those focuses out itself. The style was free of any Hollywood rules. It was convulsive and the officials expected to help the social events to remember individuals that they were seeing a film. There were jump cuts unnecessary to the film. Godard used these bob cuts to emphases and long discourse in a room, or an auto driving around Paris, there were such distinguishable cuts Irrelevant Shots in the film gave an entertaining impact to the film. Tirez le Pianist. "Might my mom fall dead on the chance that I am lying." curtailed to a photo of the mother falling dead. It was easygoing humor, which was frequently embedded into the movies (Perron, 2008). 3.0 The Reception of creative media products According to Wasko and Shanadi (2006), with home silver screens and other review innovations now accessible in the home, individuals don't go to the film as much as they once did, numerous liking to watch movies in the solace they could call their own home. Generation organizations are mindful that this misfortune in the cinematic world can be recovered in different ways. Cross-media mix additionally implies that promoting and advertising for recreations, movies and other stock all serve to advance the establishment as a rule and elevate attention to the items connected with it (Thompson, 2007).Entertainment permitting arrangements can demonstrate especially lucrative. Entertainment organizations are likewise quick to take advantage of, secured establishments, contending with one another to obtain the licenses to adjust more established movies. The gigantic accomplishment of the feature recreations industry additionally implies that French New Wave are offering the rights for effecti ve movies as well as purchasing the rights to fruitful amusement establishments and transforming these into wide screen movies. The paces of the film are additionally particularly diversion like and this quicker pace obvious in numerous late movies can be incompletely ascribed to digitization and database altering, which have improved the altering procedure. By 1996 advanced altering represented around ninety of the movies created in French New Wave and this non-straight altering is thought to record for the new tasteful of quicker cutting and shorter shot lengths that picked up prevalence as of now (Bordwell, 2006). Much more powerful in the way movies look is the advancement of computerized imaging advancements, which impart numerous assets and individuals to feature diversion improvement. It is getting to be more normal, for movies to depend vigorously on PC created imaging. The course of joining is progressed by the quick market development in the region of feature amusements and the 'flat reconciliation' of media businesses. Comparative systems and innovations are likewise being utilized as a part of the improvement of feature recreations and this implies that these commercial ventures are presently in a position to impart advanced resources (Elkington, 2009). Animation has been a standout amongst the most influenced customs hand-drawn strategies now assuming control totally (Weihart, 2006), yet a considerable lot of the real to life movies being made in French New Wave today likewise have incorporated advanced imaging. The system is exceptionally valuable in movies, recreations, and virtual planets, where vast group need to be produced (Manovich 2001, p258).Despite thefactthatsomeforeseethatfilmandfeaturerecreations may be presentlythoroughlyconsolidating (Perron, 2008), there are the sorts of accountneededfora wonderfulentertainment versus a delightfulfilm are excessivelydiversefor a completeandfruitfulaccomplishment to happen.Recreations are intelligent flourish with numerouspotentialoutcomesand a client co-initiation. By differencemovies are particularlyorganizedstories ordinarily in a directshape andtheviewer has noinitiationcontrol (Manovich, 2001). Theviewerconnection with film content isforthemostpartconstrained to their examination of a setbit of story. These are two altogetherdifferentclientencounters; however, both cannot be effectivelyconsolidated into thesamesingleproduct. It isdelineated by thedisappointment of 'intuitivemotionpictures' to take off amid the 1990s (Perron, 2008). It is additionally intriguing to considerthatitwas not until thethirdamusem ent under the Lord of the Rings filmestablishmentdelivered by Electronic Arts thatthisdiversionlinediscoveredsomemeasure of basicachievement ( Straubhaar, LaRose Davenport, 2008).Comprehensively, the French New Wave dismisses the thought of a conventional story in the "Old Hollywood" feeling of stories in light of account styles and structures lifted from before media, to be specific books and theater. The French New Wave manages would not have liked to hold the clients hand through every scene, guiding ones feeling by feeling, through an altered story. There was an inclination that this kind of narrating meddled with the viewer's capacity to see and respond to film pretty much as they would see and respond to life. These directors needed to separate the filmic experience, to make it crisp and energizing, and to shock the moviegoer out of smug review - to make the viewer think and feel about what they were viewing, as well as about their own lives, considerations and feelings too. Dialog was to be as practical and unconstrained as would be prudent, or philosophical in a manner that made one think past the film. Conclusion The film and amusements can advantage extraordinarily from a nearby living up to expectations relationship. It is recognized that a great part of the ability included is compatible, when they moved their base of operations closer to French New Wave. The basic distinction that exists in the middle of movies and recreations was noted that movies make situations one takes a gander at (Miller 2004). Also, film makes story; amusement makes the likelihood of account. In spite of these crucial contrasts, and maybe to some degree due to them, there are genuine advantages for union in the film and diversions commercial ventures. In the event that well thoroughly considered, diversions give a rich paratext, adding profundity and mixed bag to the pattern of a film.The ideal feature amusement and film blend has yet to be made and there are various explanations behind this. A standout amongst the clear reasons is a logistical. It takes a normal of 24 months to create and outline a full-length fea ture diversion. By correlation the creation length for a film is a normal of 6-18 months. It makes a conspicuous clash in light of the fact that, in light of a legitimate concern for exploiting the showcasing for the film, the studios mean to discharge the diversions right away before the films. Thus the recreations are hurried through generation, given less time than would for the most part be allocated to advancement and are regularly attached hard to the account of the film as a result of time confinements and absence of scripting spending plan. References Barthes, R. 1977. Image/music/text, translation Heath, S. Glasgow: Fontana-Collins Bolter, J.D. and Grusin, R. Remediation: Understanding New Media, 2000 Massachusetts: MIT Press Bordwell, D. 2006. The way Hollywood tells it: story and style in modern movies. California: University of California Press Bryman, A. 2004. The Disneyization of society. London: Sage Elkington, T. 2009. Too Many Cooks: Media Convengence and Self-Defeating Adaptations IN: Perron,B. and Wolf, M.J.P. (eds) The Video Game Theory Reader 2. New York: Routledge Fiske, J. 1989. Moments of Television: Neither the Text nor the Audience IN: Seiter, E., Borchers, H., Kreurzner, G. and Warth, E. (eds) Remote Control: Television, Audiences, and Cultural Power. London: Routledge Genette, G. 1997. Paratexts. Thresholds of interpretation New York: Cambridge University Press Gray, J. 2006. Bonus Material: The DVD Layering of The Lord of the Rings IN: Mathijs, E. (ed) The Lord of the Rings: popular culture in global context. Britian: Wallflower Press Grieb, M. 2002. Run Lara Run IN: King, G. and Krzywinska, T. (eds) Screenplay: cinema/videogames/interfaces. Britian: Wallflower Press Harbord, J. 2002. Film Cultures. London: Sage Publications Jurassic Park. 1993. [DVD]. Directed by Steven Spielberg. USA: Universal Studios Klinger, B. 2006. Beyond the multiplex: cinema, new technologies, and the home. California: University of California Press. Kristeva, J. 1980. Desire in Language: A Semiotic Approach to Literature and Art. Oxford: Basil Blackwell Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Extended Edition. 2001. [DVD]. Directed by Peter Jackson. USA: New Line Cinema Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King, Extended Edition. 2003. [DVD]. Directed by Peter Jackson. USA: New Line Cinema Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers, Extended Edition. 2002. [DVD]. Directed by Peter Jackson. USA: New Line Cinema Manovich, L. 2001. The language of new media. Massachusetts: MIT Press Miller, C.H. 2004. Digital storytelling: a creators guide to interactive entertainment. Oxford: Elsevier Mori, M.1970. Bukimi no tani: the uncanny valley. Energy, 7:3335. Perron, B. 2008. Genre Profile: Interactive Movie IN: Wolf, M.J.P. (ed.) The video game explosion: a history from PONG to Playstation and beyond USA: Greenwood Press Poole, S. 2000. Trigger Happy: Videogames and the Entertainment Revolution. New York: Arcade Publishing Prince, S. 2002. True Lies: Perceptual realism, digital images and film theory IN: Turner, G. (ed) The film cultures reader. New York: Routledge Run Lola Run. 1998. [DVD]. Directed by Tom Tykwer. UK: Sony Pictures Straubhaar, J., LaRose, R. and Davenport, L. 2008. Media Now: Understanding Media, Culture, and Technology. Wadsworth: Cengage Learning The Numbers. [Online]. Available from: https://www.the-numbers.com [Accessed 6 January 2010] Thompson, K. 2007. The Frodo Franchise: The Lord of the Rings and Modern Hollywood. California: University of California Press. Wasko, J and Shanadi, G. 2006. More than just Ring: Merchandise for them all IN: Mathijs, E. (ed) The Lord of the Rings: popular culture in global context. Britian: Wallflower Press Wedel, M. 2009. Backbeat and Overlap: Time, Place, and Character Subjectivity in Run Lola Run IN: Buuckland, W. (ed) Puzzle films: complex storytelling in contemporary cinema. Britian: Blackwell Publishing Weihart, L. 2006. Entertainment. Australia: Career FAQ PTY LTD Bibliography

Information and Communication Technology (Ict) Is the Cause of Todays Many Social Ills. What Is Your Opinion Essay Example

Information and Communication Technology (Ict) Is the Cause of Todays Many Social Ills. What Is Your Opinion Essay From YouTube to Facebook; from Xbox 360 to Nintendo Wii; from Intel-powered computers to multitasking mini netbooks; these evolutionary medium of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) have become essential part of our lives that not using one of them is so irrelevant in our society. Indeed, the rapid advancement of technology propels the social welfare, for better or worse. Undeniably, I agree that ICT cause today’s many soial ills like cyber-bullying and privacy intrusion.However, I am not waywardly inclined towards the cons because ICT have pros as well when used to handle social ills such as terrorist attacks. Knowingly, ICT is the platform for cyber-bullying. Nowadays, the unending rise of social networking sites that gives birth to Facebook, MySpace and more recently Twitter have shaped how this generation interacts. As if teenagers have fully understood and are practising the phrase â€Å"No man is an island,† they make new friends while keeping in touch with the others through these sites, virtually and dangerously.Photos posted that are initially intended to update their lifestyles are altered by stalkers and reposted to dent their reputations. On a more serious note, predators use these sites, especially MySpace, to lash harsh verbal abuses to innocent victims. A search through the dark side of MySpace would let us uncover hatred, vengeance and anger that are unleashed on helpless teens, causing social unrest about the potential psychological trauma the site could trigger.The problem is so disturbing to the social, specifically the parents, that the theme of World Telecommunication and Information Society Day 2009 is â€Å"Protecting children in cyberspace. † Besides, privacy invasion is another sensitive issue caused by ICT. Ironically, computers, on which we rely excessively to store and save our private data, are the means of hackers to steal, destroy or even be exploited for their own selfish good. This hideous act cou ld easily be done when uninformed surfers of the internet download good-looking software that turn out to be malicious.When perpetrators have got hold to credit card numbers, bank accounts or confidential documents, it’s frightening to imagine that the hard-earned money could be lost the next hour. The social, however, neglect this warning and as a result, cyber criminals gain the upper hand by pocketing social wealth. On a different and larger scale, the leaked photos of Hong Kong celebrities in compromising positions not only stunned the conservative community but shattered the faith of a million fans as well.The main culprit? A computer technician who unlawfully search and more importantly, copy the private photographs. Nevertheless, ICT can be useful weapons to counter terrorist attacks. The Closed-circuit Televisions (CCTVs) that are placed literally everywhere in London indicates that it is unlikely for a person to commit a crime and flee unpunished. Better still, the e agle eyes coupled with facial recognition technology would provide clues on the whereabouts of a wanted individual.As an evidence, investigators of the 7 July London bombings – simultaneous attacks on public transports in the morning rush hour that claimed hundreds of lives and injured more – used CCTVs to trace the mindless, heartless bombers. Closer to home, law enforcers took advantage of the cameras installed in the hotels to catch the last moments before the bombing of JW Marriott and Ritz Carlton happened in Indonesia. Although the damage was done and the social plummeted into distraught and distress, the brilliant use of ICT serves as a stern reminder to extremist that you can hide, but you cannot run.To tie it up, it depends on the users of ICT to determine whether the medium are beneficial or dangerous. If hackers intentionally want to inflict harm, social networking sites could be horrific indeed. If invaders want to tarnish anyone’s life, the word pri vacy might as well be taken out from the dictionary. Therefore, instead of centralising the discussion on ICT, let us scrutinise the creators; the propellers; the masterminds behind this technology: the humankind. ?